Friday, April 13, 2012

Remembering the Victims of the Titanic, 100 Years Later

 
Iceberg Ahead

Sinking of the Titanic
On Saturday, April 14th, 1912, at 11:40 P.M. the largest and most luxurious ocean liner in the world, the Titanic, struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic during her maiden voyage.  At 2:20 A.M. the massive ship disappeared under the icy waters.  Just over a third of the 2,200 passengers and crew were still alive, sitting in the half filled lifeboats, or trying to swim and stay alive in the frigid waters.

Carpathia after rescue
When the Carpathia arrived the next morning to rescue survivors, only 700 remained alive. Over 1,500 people had died that night, most of them second and third class passengers.





Bringing in the Dead

Attending the dead
CS MacKay - Bennett
The White Star Line chartered four ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia to search for remains after the sinking.  Halifax, located 700 miles west of where the Titanic went down, sent out Cable Steamer MacKay-Bennett on April 17th to search for bodies.  CS MacKay-Bennett was carrying an undertaker, a minister, 100 coffins, canvas body bags, embalming fluid, and a cargo of ice. She arrived at the scene on April 20 and remained for 5 days.  306 bodies were found during that time. Of those, 116 had to be buried at sea. 209 were delivered to Halifax – of those 30 were not identified.
CS Minia

The CS Minia relieved the CS MacKay-Bennett of its mission on April 26.  The Minia was loaded with 150 coffins and twenty tons of ice. Due to rough weather, only 17 bodies were recovered, of those two were buried at sea.  


CGS Montmagny
SS Algerine
On May 6, the CGS Montmagny departed Halifax and recovered four more bodies, one that was buried at sea.

The final ship to recover a body was the SS Algerine. It was that of Saloon steward James McGrady, who was interred in Fairview Lawn Cemetery on June 12, 1912.



Retrieving bodies
A month after the sinking, the Oceanic discovered Collapsible A drifting out at sea. The lifeboat contained three bodies.

A total of 340 bodies were recovered in all, 128 were buried at sea, 209 were delivered to Halifax.

Hearses wait for the dead
In death as in life, first class passengers were given the preferential treatment of being placed in coffins.  Second and third class passengers, along with the ship’s crew were placed in canvas bags and unloaded on the Coal or Flagship Wharf of the Naval Dockyard.  Horse-drawn hearses arrived there and carried the bodies to the makeshift morgue set up in the Mayflower Curling Rink in Halifax. 

Come to claim the bodies
Families came to Halifax to collect their dead and 59 were shipped back to their families.  The remaining 150 who were either not claimed, were claimed but families could not afford to ship them home, or those who could not be identified, were buried at three Halifax cemeteries.



Stone for body number 179
Stone for George Swane
The White Star Line purchased plain gray granite markers for the deceased, listing the name and date of death, April 15th, 1912.  For the 30 unidentified remains only the date of death and a marker number is engraved on the stone.


Titanic Section
Fairview Lawn Cemetery
Fairview Lawn Cemetery received the most victims from the Titanic.  One hundred and twenty-one were buried here.  The graves are laid out in a curve, similar to the hull of a ship.  Fairview Lawn was established in 1893 as a public cemetery, located at the North End of Halifax.  Of over 100 passengers, one third have never been identified.  The city of Halifax paid for the burial of 120 of the victims.

Description of child
Sidney Leslie Goodwin
Unknown Child
A grave known for decades as ‘The Unknown Child’ is located here.  Sailors of the CS MacKay-Bennett, the ship that recovered his body, paid for his burial and carried his casket to its resting place.  His headstone reads “Erected to the memory of an unknown child whose remains were recovered after the disaster of the "Titanic" April 15th 1912'   In 2002 the child was tentatively identified as 13-month-old Elno Vijami Panula of Finland.  But after forensic testing in 2007, he was re-identified as 19-month-old Sidney Leslie Goodwin from Fulham, England.


Description
Joseph Dawson
Fairview Lawn also contains the remains of “J. Dawson.”  This is the grave of Joseph Dawson, a coal trimmer on the Titanic from Dublin, Ireland.  Oddly enough, this name is similar to the name of the character Leonardo DiCaprio played (Jack Dawson) in the 1997 film, Titanic.  Film director James Cameron said there is no connection between the film’s character and the Irish Joseph Dawson.  But Dawson’s grave it one of the most visited in the cemetery.

Description
Poster of Orchestra
John (Jack) Hume
Also located here is the body of 21-year-old John (Jack) Law Hume of Dumfries, Scotland.  Hume boarded the Titanic at Southampton, traveling with seven other musicians who made up the orchestra for the trip. (Hume played the violin in the orchestra.)  All eight men were traveling as second-class passengers in exchange for their performing during the voyage. Shortly after midnight the band assembled in the First Class Lounge and began to play a variety of music.  When passengers began boarding lifeboats, the band reassembled near the Boat Deck and continued to play until the ship listed, then the band members were gone.


Mt Olivet Cemetery
Mount Olivet Catholic Cemetery interred nineteen Titanic passengers.  Established in 1896, this Roman Catholic cemetery has over 25,000 interments.  The graves for Titanic victims include:
Nineteen graves
William Ali, Batiste Bernardi, J. F. P. Clarke, Maurice F. Debreucq, Mansour Hanna, Ignaz Hendekovic, Petril Lemberopoulis, Henru Jalliet, Wenzel Linhart, Thomas Morgan, Servando Ovies, Pompeo Piazzo, Margaret Rice, Georgis Youssif, Hileni Zabour, and the bodies of three women and one man, who remain unidentified.
Description
Frederick W. Wormald
Rabbi with graves
Baron de Hirsch Jewish Cemetery was established in 1893. Ten Titanic victims are buried here. According to reports of the time, Rabbi Jacob Walter of Halifax searched through the rows of victims, trying to locate those of Jewish descent.  He realized that at least ten of the victims had been Jewish and had those bodies interred in Baron de Hirsch Cemetery. All were male but only three were identified; Titanic saloon steward Frederick W Wormald, and passengers Leopold Weisz and Michel Navratil.  It was later discovered that Wormald was of the Church of England, and Navratil, who boarded under the alias Louis Hoffman, was Catholic.

Description
Michel Navratil
The Titanic Orphans
Children reunited with mother
Michel Navratil was traveling under the assumed name of Louis Hoffman for a specific purpose.  Namely, to spirit away his two young sons, Michel Jr, age 4 and Edmond, age 2, to American.  After a recent separation from his wife Marcelle, Navratil took the children for what was to have been a weekend stay in Southampton, England.  Instead, he boarded the Titanic with them, with plans to start a new life in America.  When Navratil realized that no one was coming to the ship’s rescue and the ship Titanic would not survive, he placed his two sons in one of the last lifeboats. The two boys became known as the Titanic Orphans. It took officials and the media over a month of searching and posting photos of the two before their mother was reunited with them in New York.
Description
Grave of Leopold Weisz
His Business Card
Leopold Weisz was a Hungarian born stone carver, just married and on his way to Canada to start a new life.  His new bride, Mathilde Pede, survived the tragedy. Weisz did not.  He had sewn over 50 pounds in gold, his lifesavings, into his coat before they set sail.  His body was recovered from the Atlantic, still wearing the coat, with the gold weighing it down.  The money was to have been used for them to make a new life in Montreal.

Identifying the Dead
Typed description of body
The recovered bodies were numbered as they were retrieved and listed by sex and estimated age.  Hair color, facial hair, any identifying marks such as moles, birthmarks or tattoos were also noted.  A description of what type of clothing each was wearing was given, along with any personal effect found on the body.  The class of passenger or crew title was given, if known, and the person’s name was listed last, if known.





Description
Wendla was identified
Some bodies have been identified in the intervening years.  Take, for example, body number 8 described when found as:
FEMALE – ESTIMATED AGE, 25 – 30, HAIR, FAIR
CLOTHING –Red striped skirt; green petticoat, grey ditto, knitted ditto; blue flannelette drawers; black button boots and rubbers, size 8; thick grey stockings.
CHEMISE MARKED ‘ ‘V.H.’ in red on front.
NO EFFECTS –
THIRD CLASS PASSENGER
This woman was identified in 1991 as 23 year-old Wendla Maria Heininen of Laitila, Finland, on her way to New York.  Wendla was buried in Fairview Lawn cemetery and her name has been added to the side of her stone.


Although the tragedy occurred one hundred years ago, its impact is still felt –

The Titanic disaster led to the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) held in London on November 12, 1913.




Titanic Lifeboats
During this session it was mandated that there were to be an adequate number of lifeboats (equal to the number of passengers) on board all ships, and that lifeboat drills must held.


Firing Distress Rockets
It was also ruled that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be considered a distress signal.

Ice Patrol
The formation of the International Ice Patrol was ordered so that the Atlantic Ocean would be monitored for icebergs posing a treat to sea traffic.

Titanic Radio Room
The Radio Act of 1912 stated that passenger ships would maintain radio communication 24-hours a day and have a backup power supply.  Ships were also required to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity and with coastal onshore radio stations.

The tragedy also brought about design changes in the building of ocean liners and ships including double hulls and fully watertight compartments.


Titanc
New York Herald
This Sunday, April 15th, exactly one hundred years after the Titanic disaster, an interfaith memorial and candlelight procession will be held at the Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax.  Flares will be set off at the time the Titanic began sinking, and the Nova Scotia provincial government will tweet the Titanic’s final emergency message @ https://twitter.com/#!/nsgov  (Final message was sent at 2:17 A.M. but never completed.  Ship sank at 2:20 A.M.)


~ Joy

If you would like to assist with the care and maintenance of the Titanic victims' graves, donations can be made to:
The Halifax Titanic Graves Trust Fund
Halifax Regional Municipality,
PO Box 1749,
Halifax
Nova Scotia
Canada, B3J 3AS

Friday, April 6, 2012

Leaving Stones on Graves


If you spend much time in a cemetery, you’re bound to see them - those stones left on graves.  I’ve noticed that they are usually left on Jewish graves.  But as for the significance, I didn’t know – until now.


There are several explanations as to why visitors leave small stones or pebbles on someone’s grave.  And it is not strictly a Jewish tradition.  For thousands of years, people were buried in tombs or directly in the earth where they had fallen. Stones were then rolled in front of a tomb as a way of sealing it from scavengers and keeping evil spirits from escaping out into the world.

Cairn
For those buried in the ground, rocks and stones were placed on top of the usually shallow grave to keep animals from digging up the body. These stacks of stones were known as cairns.   Cairns can be found all over the world and vary in size from a few rocks to man-made hills. 

Cairn Sculpture
Cairn Memorial
Cairns were built not only as funeral monuments but also for ceremonies and defense.  Today they are still constructed to mark trails, as seamarks, as sculpture, and as memorials.



Another reason rocks were left on the grave was based on an Eastern European folklore belief that the dead could haunt their burial place, or return to their family and cause trouble.  Stones and rocks were used to prevent the deceased from rising up and escaping the body as a spirit, to torment others.


It is also a Jewish custom to place a stone or pebble on a headstone to indicate that you have visited the grave and to indicate respect for the deceased.  Adding a stone was also seen as taking part in the Mitzvah of Matzevah or the ‘setting of stone.’ 

Today, leaving a stone of remembrance is viewed more as a way of continuing this tradition of commemoration.  The more stones found at a grave, the more the deceased has been visited and remembered by others.  An example would be the scene in Schindler’s List when the people that Oskar Schindler saved visit his grave and honor him by placing stones upon it.

Symbolically, the stones can indicate many things; that love and remembrance are as strong and as lasting as a rock.  That as a stone lasts forever so to does love.   Even a belief that the deceased is with God, since the Old Testament refers to God as a rock, as in Psalm 18:2 -- "The Lord is my rock…”


Regardless of how the custom came about, it is still an incredible way to remember and respect those who have passed on. Leaving a stone or pebble is a gesture of appreciation for the strong and lasting impression they have made on your life. Stones left by others show a long-term influence in their lives as well.  What a wonderful way to leave a lasting tribute of love and honor at the grave site.

~  Joy

Tuesday, April 3, 2012

Cemeteries Worth the Visit – Green Hill Cemetery, Bedford, Indiana

 

Green Hill Cemetery is a tombstone tourist’s delight!  Founded in 1889, Green Hill is located in Bedford, (Lawrence County) Indiana.  Consisting of over 20 acres of rolling hills near the center of town, Green Hill maintains a quiet, reflective atmosphere with sculptures and carvings that beckon you to walk the grounds.

Largest stone ever shipped from here
Oolith Limestone
The town of Bedford is known as the “Limestone Capital of the World.”  This is the only area of the country where Oolith limestone has been found in such great abundance.  Oolith was sought out because of its beauty and endurance.  Once the oolith rock was dug, exposure to the elements hardened and strengthened it, making it more durable and weather resistant. Perfect for building cities throughout the new country.


Ready to ride the rails
Lawrence County, Indiana
The ‘Father of the Limestone Industry,’ Dr. Winthrop Foote, arrived in Lawrence County in 1818 from Connecticut.  Foote realized the potential use for the limestone and purchased acres and acres of stone land. He predicted that limestone would be sent to the East Coast for use in building cities well before there was a railroad in place to haul the stones and carvings to their destinations. 

Working the Quarry
Indiana Stone Carver (IHS)

Foote opened the first quarry in the state, Blue Hole, in 1830. He brought in a master stonecutter, Mr. Toburn, from Louisville, Kentucky in 1832.  Soon stone workers and master carvers from all over the world were arriving in Bedford to work in the Indiana quarries.

Empire State Building
National Cathedral
The stone carvers came from Ireland, Scotland, France, Germany and Italy, each bringing his understanding of stone and his carving skills.  These men helped to build America through the quarrying and carving of oolith limestone. From the 1870’s until after WWII, Indiana limestone was used to build over 30 notable architectural landmarks in the U.S., including, the Empire State Building, the Pentagon, and the National Cathedral.

The work of numerous stone carvers can be seen at Green Hill Cemetery.  Hundreds of carvings, statues, sculptures and engravings exist in minute detail, thanks to the limestone’s ability to weather well.




Stone Cutters Monument
Hand with Mallet
Many of the stone carvers from the past are buried here, near the Stone Cutters Monument, erected by the Bedford Stone Cutters Association in 1894.  The monument shows a late 19th century stonecutter, holding a mallet in his hand.  Clasped hands are shown on the front of the monument, beneath it’s gabled roof.   The other three sides bear the carved images of a hand with a mallet, a sexton and square and a grouping of stonecutting tools.  This monument, along with those listed below, is included in the Smithsonian American Art Museum Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture.

Other monuments included in the Smithsonian American Art Museum Inventories are,

The Baker Monument –
Baker monument
Top of Workbench with Tools
This gravestone is an exact replica of how the wooden workbench, belonging to stone carver Louis Baker looked as he left it for the last time on August 29, 1917.  Baker was killed when he was struck by lightening that night at the age of 23.  In homage to him, stone carver Marion Taylor and fellow stonecutters recreated the workbench in limestone, detailing Baker’s discarded carving tools, apron, bent nails, and stone slabs.  Baker was working on a building cornice at the time.

Corbin Family Marker
The Corbin Monument –
This limestone grave marker shows Christ kneeling in prayer.  The sculpture was carved by three stonecutter brothers, Virgil, Elmer and Jesse Corbin for their family plot in the 1940’s.



The Wallner Monument –
List of Battles
Wallner Monument
This WWI soldier is the life-like carving of Michael F. Wallner (1893 – 1940.)  Wallner was a private in Company A-16th Infantry’s First Division.  The battles he fought in are listed on the base of the stone, along with the dates.  Wallner was wounded by shellfire in a campaign on July 20th, 1918.  He was sent home and hospitalized for his wounds.  He never recovered and died in the hospital 22 years later.

The Barton Sculpture –
Barton detail
Barton Statue
Local resident Tom Barton stands ready to begin yet another game of golf.  The detailing of his 1930’s clothing, including bow tie and cuffed pants, make the statue appear ready to tee off. Legend has it that Barton died while playing golf in 1937.






A Couples Stone
Other amazing examples of limestone statues, carvings, and monuments are spread throughout the cemetery.  As an avid ‘tree stone as grave marker’ person, I was amazed at the sheer number of those stones found here.  The Bedford Walking Tour brochure lists 26 tree stones in Green Hill, but there are even more!

 
Tree stones were popular from the 1880’s through the 1930’s. They could be ordered from catalogues and were also offered as a benefit to belonging to the Modern Woodmen of America and Woodmen of the World, both fraternal benefit organizations.

You can find mass-produced trees in cemeteries throughout the country.  But the true jewels are the hand-carved tree stones, depicting an individual's hobbies and interests carved into the tree stone.  The tree stones in Green Hill are rich with these details.

Footes Tomb Sign
Foote Family Stone
Footes Tomb
And a final word on Winthrop Foote - While his family stone is located in Green Hill, he and a brother are buried just east of town near what was once the Blue Hole Quarry. (Blue Hole is where stone for the Indiana State House, Chicago’s City Hall, and the Vanderbilt Mansion in New York came from.)  Mr. Toburn, the area’s first stonecutter, cut and designed the Foote vault in 1840.  Foote’s brother Ziba was buried here soon after.  Foote died in 1856 and was interred here, along with, according to locals, his horse of whom he was very fond.  Legend also has it that Foote also had his money buried with him in the tomb.  You can see where attempts have been made to cut into the limestone, but Foote continues to rest in peace.


Green Hill Cemetery is located at 1202 18th Street in Bedford, Indiana.  The cemetery manager is Peggy Tirey, and the phone number is (812) 275 – 5110.  The cemetery does not have a web page.  Two walking tour brochures are available at the cemetery office located at the main gate.

Green Hill Cemetery
Green Hill Cemetery is definitely worth the visit!  Plan an afternoon and take a step back in time as you explore this gorgeous cemetery. The amazing skill and intricate details found on the tombstones indicate the deep pride and respect the stonecutters and carvers had for their craft. And the durable limestone they used allows us enjoy their pain-staking work, over one hundred years later.

~ Joy