Presidential State Funerals in the U.S.

With the political convention season in full swing, remembrances and tributes are being made to those Presidents who came before. We have had 44 presidents in the U.S. since 1789.  Thirty-eight have died, eight while in office.  Thirteen Presidents have had the honor of having a state funeral.

To Lie in State

State Funeral

A state funeral is a public funeral held in the nation’s capitol, Washington D.C., usually for a current or past President of the United States.  It can also be held for a President-elect or someone the President has chosen to receive the honor.

President William H. Harrison

Harrison's Memorial

The first official state funeral was held for our ninth president, William Henry Harrison, in 1841.  Harrison was the first president to die while in office, only 32 days after taking his oath.  With no protocol established, Alexander Hunter, a Washington merchant was commissioned to plan the ceremony. Harrison’s casket was carried to a vault at Congressional Cemetery in Washington D.C.  He was later buried in North Bend, Ohio at the William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial.

President Zachary Taylor

Taylor's Mausoleum

Taylor's Funeral

President Zachary Taylor was given a state funeral when he died of cholera on July 9, 1850.  The procedure for the twelfth president was similar to that for Harrison.  Taylor’s horse followed the black and white caisson with a riderless saddle and a pair of riding boots reversed in the stirrups.  Taylor was first interred in a vault at the Congressional Cemetery.  He was later buried on the Taylor plantation in Louisville, Kentucky.

Lincoln's Tomb

President Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln's Funeral

When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, a period of national mourning was issued.  The streets were lined for the sixteenth President’s rainy funeral procession from the White House to the U.S. Capitol Rotunda, where he lay in state for two days.  The funeral train bearing Lincoln's body traveled more than 1,700 miles back to his home of Springfield, Illinois for his interment in Oak Ridge Cemetery.

President James Garfield

Garfield's Mausoleum

Garfield Lying in State

Twentieth President James A. Garfield was shot on July 2, 1881.  He died ten weeks later, on September 19^th of a massive heart attack and pneumonia.  Garfield's body lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda, viewed by over 100,000 people. He was temporarily interred in a vault at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio before being moved to a mausoleum there.

President William McKinley

McKinley's Monument

McKinley's Funeral

On September 1901, 25^th President William McKinley was shot by an assassin.  At first it was thought he would survive, but on September 13, he became worse and died early in the morning on the 14^th. Over a hundred thousand people filed past McKinley’s in the Capitol Rotunda.  His body was then taken to the Stark County Courthouse in Canton, Ohio where still another one hundred thousand paid their respects.  McKinley’s casket was placed in a vault at West Lawn Cemetery in Canton until his tomb was completed.

Harding Memorial

President Warren Harding

Harding's Funeral

In 1923, President Warren G. Harding died of a heart attack while traveling across the country. Harding’s casket was sent by train from San Francisco back to Washington.  On August 8, the casket was mounted on a caisson and taken to the Capitol Rotunda to lie in state. Flags were lowered to half-staff.  Harding was interred in a receiving vault at the Marion Cemetery in Marion, Ohio.  He was later moved to the Harding Memorial in Marion.

President William Taft

Taft's Marker

Taft's Funeral

It was March 8, 1930 when President William Howard Taft died. He was also the first President to be a Chief Justice of the United States. His casket lie in state at the Capitol Rotunda, before a funeral service was held at All Soul’s Unitarian Church.  Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court acted as honorary pallbearers for his funeral.  Taft was the first President to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Roosevelt's Grave

President John F. Kennedy

Kennedy's Grave

Kennedy Lying in State

President John F. Kennedy had been in office less than two years when he was killed by an assassin’s bullet. He is the youngest president to die in office.  Kennedy’s state funeral followed the exact protocol of Lincoln’s.  Planned by military and government officials, the President lie in repose in the East Room of the White House.  Over 250,000 mourners filed past Kennedy’s casket in the Capitol Rotunda.  He was then interred in Arlington National Cemetery.

President Herbert Hoover

Hoover's Grave

Hoover's Casket

In 1964, Herbert Hoover died at the age of 90.  Hoover was given full military honors when he died.  Military guards of honor were present during the funeral service held at St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church.  Hoover lie in state in the Capitol Rotunda for two days before his remains were flown to the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum in West Branch, Iowa for burial.

NOTE:

President Jimmy Carter

Carter Sworn In

Hoover was the longest retired President, having left office 31 years, 7 months, 16 days before his death. His was the longest retirement of any U.S. President – until today.  As of September 7, 2012, President Jimmy Carter is the longest retired President in the country’s history.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Eisenhower's Grave

Eisenhower's Funeral

In 1969, 34^th President Dwight D. Eisenhower was given military rites in honor of his role as Supreme Allied Commander during WW II.  Flags around the country were lowered to half-staff for 30 days.  Eisenhower lie in repose at Washington National Cathedral for 28 hours before being moved to lie in state at the Capitol Rotunda. Eisenhower's funeral service was held at Washington National Cathedral.  He was interred in a chapel at the Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas, buried in his WW II uniform.

President Lyndon B. Johnson

When Lyndon B. Johnson died of a heart attack on January 22, 1973, his period of mourning overlapped with that of former President Harry S. Truman.  Truman had died on December 26, 1972. Truman’s family decided not to have a state funeral and private services were held at the Harry Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri.  Flags were flown at half-staff for 30 days for Truman and for Johnson.

Johnson's Funeral

Johnson's Grave

President Johnson did have a state funeral and lie in state at the Capitol Rotunda for two days.  The U.S. Air Force preformed a flyover during the funeral procession.  Services were held at National City Christian Church.  Johnson was flown back to Texas where he was buried on his ranch, part of the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, in Stonewall, Texas.

Regan's Grave

President Ronald Regan

Regan's Funeral

A state funeral was held for President Ronald Regan in 2004.  Regan was interred at the Ronald Regan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. Over 200,000 mourners filed past Regan’s casket at the Capitol Rotunda during the four days he lie in state.  A national funeral service was held at Washington National Cathedral.  Regan was buried at the Ronald Regan Presidential Library in California.

Ford Grave

President Gerald R. Ford

Ford Lying in State

The last president to have died, and to have had a state funeral, was Gerald R. Ford in 2006.  Ford lie in state at the National Cathedral in Washington D.C. for three days. He was then flown home to Grand Rapids, Michigan where he was interred at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum. Ford was the longest-lived president in U.S. history – 93 years, 8months and 68 days.

As a side note:

Riderless Horse

Lincoln's Horse 'Old Bob'

The riderless horse is a tradition in a presidential funeral procession.  This first occurred in 1799 during George Washington’s funeral.  President Lincoln’s funeral train was met in Springfield, Illinois by his horse, “Old Bob,” draped in a black mourning blanket. The riderless horse is led by a single honor guard on foot.  A set of boots, reversed in the stirrups, symbolizes a fallen warrior who will never ride again.

~ Joy

The Victims of Jack the Ripper

 

Whitechapel

Whitechapel

Tonight marks the 124^th anniversary of the first of the ‘official’ murders attributed to an unidentified serial killer, given the monikers, "Leather Apron, "The Whitechapel Killer," and “Jack the Ripper.”  Almost a century and a quarter later, the five murders remain unsolved.  Many suspects have been identified, but no one has been undeniably determined to have been “Jack the Ripper.”

The “Official” Five

Nichols Body Discovered

Mary Ann Nichols

It was in the middle of the night on August 31, 1888, when 43-year-old Mary Ann (Polly) Nichols was found murdered in the Whitechapel district of London.  Nichols, a local prostitute, was found lying in front of a stable on Buck’s Row, with her skirts raised.  Her throat had been cut twice and her abdomen slashed deeply several times.  The coroner placed the time of death around 3 A.M.

Marker for Mary Ann Nichols

City of London Cemetery

Nichols’ body was held at the Whitechapel Mortuary until the following Thursday.  She was buried on September 6, 1888 at the City of London Cemetery in Ilford.  Nichols death was the first police officially attributed to “Jack the Ripper.”

Annie Chapman

Where Chapman was found

About 1:45 on the morning of Saturday, September 8, 1888, 47-year-old Annie Chapman found herself without money for lodging.  Worse for drink, she headed out into the streets to earn the necessary funds. Her body was discovered around 6 A.M. Her throat had been severed by two cuts, and her abdomen had been laid open.  It was later discovered that her uterus had been taken. 

Manor Park Cemetery

Annie Chapman was buried at Manor Park Cemetery on Friday, September 14, 1888. Her funeral was kept secret by her family in order to avoid crowds. Chapman’s grave no longer exists; it has since been buried over.  

Searching for suspects

Headlines of the Day

It was after Chapman’s death that the police realized the same person could have committed both her murder and that of Mary Ann Nichols.  The two crimes were so similar that the investigations were merged into one and officials began searching for one suspect.

Police News Headlines

After Chapman’s murder, the public, panicked by the thought that a murderer was loose on the East End, began observing curfews, careful to travel in groups.  The police began investigating any lead that came their way, many hoaxes dreamed up by those wanting to trick the local police.  But after three weeks without a murder, it seemed that maybe the worst was over…. 

Elizabeth Stride

Discovery of Stride

The night of September 29^th was wet and cold.  Forty-four-year-old Elizabeth Stride had been drinking with friends that Saturday evening, spending the money she’d earned earlier in the day, cleaning rooms.   Around 11 P.M. she was seen working the streets.  At 12:45 A.M. on September 30^th, Stride’s body was discovered. She was lying by a fence in the yard near the International Workers Educational Club.  Her throat had been gashed deeply, but it appeared the murderer had left quickly.

East London Cemetery

Grave of Elizabeth Stride

Elizabeth Stride was buried on Saturday, October 6, 1888 in the East London Cemetery at Plaistow.  The local parish provided for her short funeral and burial.

Catherine Eddowes

The police had just arrived on the scene of the Stride murder when yet another murder was occurring nearby. Forty-six-year-old Catherine Eddowes had spent her Saturday evening in a cell for drunks at the Bishopsgate police station. She was released at 1 A.M. when she was able to stand and walk out of the station unaided.  At 1:45 A.M. Eddowes mutilated body was found by a beat cop in the corner of Mitre Square.  Her throat had been cut, her face disfigured, her abdomen laid opened, and the intestines pulled out and laid over a shoulder. Her left kidney and most of her uterus had been taken.

Marker for Catherine Eddowes

City of London Cemetery

Catherine Eddowes was buried on Monday October 8, 1888 in the City of London Cemetery in an unmarked grave.  A plaque was placed by cemetery officials in 1996.

Kelly's Room

The last murder officially attributed to Jack the Ripper occurred sometime during the early morning hours of November 9, 1888.  Twenty-five-year-old Mary Jane Kelly had gone out about 11 P.M. on Thursday, November 8^th.  She returned to her room in Miller Court around 11:45 with a man.  She was heard singing in her room around 1 A.M. and was reportedly seen taking another man to her room sometime after 2 A.M.  A neighbor reported hearing the cry of “Murder” about 4 A.M. and someone leave the room close to 6 A.M.

Mary Jane Kelly

It was almost 11 A.M. Friday morning when a man sent to collect Kelly’s rent, looked through her window and saw what was left of her mutilated body on the bed.  Police determined that she had been killed by a slash to the throat before the mutilations were performed.  It was reported that her heart was missing.  Kelly’s body was the most maimed and disfigured of the five.

St Patrick's Catholic Cemetery

Marker for Mary Jane Kelly

Mary Jane Kelly was buried on Tuesday, November 19, 1888 at St. Patrick’s Roman Catholic Cemetery in Leytonstone.  No family attended her funeral.  During the 1950’s, the cemetery reclaimed Kelly’s grave.  A small plaque was placed in the cemetery in the 1990’s.

Others

Murder Location for Emma Smith

Other murders might have been committed by Jack the Ripper, beginning with 45 year old Emma Elizabeth Smith on April 3, 1888 in Whitechapel.  She was attacked, sexually assaulted, and died the next day of peritonitis at London Hospital.   Her killing was the first recorded of the “Whitechapel Murders.”

Surgery Implements

Although the M.O. (modus operandi) does not follow the Ripper’s later actions, it could be that he had yet to settle on a technique.  It is considered more likely that the media made the connection for added interest to the Ripper murders during the autumn attacks.

Martha Tabram

The other murder, prior to the “Autumn of Terror”, involved 39-year-old Martha Tabram.  She was murdered August 7, 1888 in Whitechapel.  She died from 39 brutal stab wounds.  Police thought that the closeness of the date to the five attributed murders, along with the savagery of the attack, a lack of motive, and the location warranted it to be considered as a Ripper murder. 

Discovering Another Body

It is worth noting that both women fit the victim profile; dark hair, single, heavy drinker, prostitute.  No one was ever arrested in either murder.  The other “Whitechapel Murders” included Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, Frances Coles, and a woman who was never identified.

The Murders

Location of 1888 Murders

The “Whitechapel Murders” occurred from April 3, 1888 to February 13, 1891. A total of eleven women, all prostitutes in the Whitechapel area, were brutal murdered. Five were attributed to Jack the Ripper, the others were considered to likely be Ripper victims.

Suspects

Police questioned over 2,000 people during and after the murders. Of those, over 300 people were investigated; eighty were taken in and detained.  Although scrutinized, most were not believed to be seriously involved. Some were considered but had alibis, and a few have remained top suspects for well over 100 years.  But no one was ever charged with any of the murders.   

 

After 124 years, it is doubtful that the identity of Jack the Ripper will ever be known.  It appears the murders of this serial killer will remain part of a historical whodunit for all time.

~ Joy