Body Snatching – A Ghoulish Profession

"Resurrecting" a Body

They went by many names; resurrectionists, sack’em up men, resurrection men, body snatchers – all referring to the men who secretly disinterred bodies from a graveyard in order to sell them.

A Body Snatcher Gang

Body snatching was usually done at night when the chances of getting caught were minimal. It could take about an hour for a gang to remove a body from its grave. Those who worked as resurrectionists usually did so in order to sell the corpses for dissection in anatomy classes at medical schools. A fresh body could bring the bearer several pounds.

 

Medical Class Lecture

Body snatching was popular in Scotland and England from the early 1600’s to the early 1800’s. As medical schools began to expand throughout the UK, legally available cadavers were needed for use as  teaching tools in the classrooms, and they were in short supply. The only corpses legally available for dissection at that time were those of executed murderers.

Opened Grave

In order to supply the schools with cadavers, body snatching became a widespread profession. In order to try and stop such attempts, family and friends of the recently deceased had to keep watch over the body until burial, and then guard the grave to keep the body from being removed.

MortSafe

MortSafe

Several contraptions were built in an attempt to thwart the resurrectionists from gaining access to a newly buried body. Such devices included mortsafes; heavy iron cages that were padlocked together and placed over the grave with the intention of the cage remaining for 6 weeks – until the body had decomposed. A mortsafe could also be an iron or stone coffin that might or might not be buried.

Outer Door

Mort House

Mort houses or vaults were another option used to protect the bodies of the dead from thieves. Mort houses were usually circular granite buildings where bodies could be safely stored until they began to decompose – at about 6 weeks, although bodies could remain there for up to three month. The roofs were made of stone or slate, and the door was created in two sections, the outer made from oak and the inner crafted from iron. Mort houses fell into disuse after the passage of the Anatomy Act of 1832.

Coffin Collar

Coffin collars were another attempt to prevent corpses from being stolen. The collar was placed around the deceased’s neck and bolted to the coffin floor, thereby preventing the body from being dragged out of the end of the coffin.

Watch House

Watch houses were built in several Scottish and English cemeteries. These tall structures provided a good view of the graves so the guard could keep watch over the entire cemetery. Some watch houses had gaps where guns could be placed in order to shoot at anyone bothering a grave. Others also had a bell tower that could be used to raise an alarm for assistance.

Burke's Body List

The two most famous body snatchers/anatomy murderers in history were Hare and Burke.  William Hare and William Burke were involved in a series of at least 16 murders, which occurred within a ten-month period in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1828. Most of their victims were paupers, drunks or lodgers who stayed at William Hare’s lodging house. 

Dr. Robert Knox

Ad for Knox's Lecture

Hare and Burke killed their victims by smothering and compressing their chests. They would then sell their victims bodies to Doctor Robert Knox for dissection during his popular medical lectures. This method of killing people in order to sell their bodies became known as "burking."

William Hare

Hare and Burke were arrested, along with the two women who assisted them, Hare’s wife, Margaret Laird, and Burke’s mistress, Helen McDougal, in November 1828. William Hare (with his wife) was offered immunity if he would turn King’s evidence against Burke. It was thought that Burke was the smarter of the two men; therefore he must have been the instigator.

William Burke

Burke's Hanging

The trial was held on Christmas Eve, 1828 and lasted 24 hours. A guilty verdict was pronounced on Christmas Day for William Burke, and the charge of murder against McDougal “not proven.” William Burke was hanged on January 28, 1829 in front of a crowd estimated to be around 25,000.

Burke's Death Mask

Burke's Skeleton

Burke’s body was publically dissected the following day at the Old College in Edinburgh. A death mask was made of his face and exhibited in the Surgeon’s Hall. Burke’s skeleton was sent to the University of Edinburgh’s Anatomy Museum, where it is still on display.

Jean Waldie

But Burke and Hare were not the first. In 1751, Jean Waldie and Helen Torrence were convicted of murdering an 8 year-old boy and selling his body to medical students in Edinburgh.

William Smellie

Textbook Illustration

Even a Scottish surgeon, William Smellie, was alleged to have murdered, or encouraged the murder of, several pregnant women so that he could use the cadavers for his illustrated textbooks on childbirth.

Anatomy Act of 1832

The Anatomy Act of 1832 finally put a stop to most body snatching by legally increasing the supply of cadavers for medical purposes. After its passage, the unclaimed dead from prisons and workhouses were then donated for medical study and dissection before burial, greatly increasing the number of cadavers available.

Mob

After its passage, the Act was protested by mobs of paupers and the poor who feared their bodies could be sold for medical research without their consent. The medical community became worried that their source of bodies would “stop dead”, so they began keeping medical reclaiming activities quiet. (A practice that continued well into the 20^th century.)

Garbage Picker

Although it’s been 185 years since William Burke was executed for his crimes, anatomy murders (killing for a body) still occur. In 1992, a Barranquilla, Colombia man led police to a warehouse where they found the freshly killed bodies of 10 paupers, and body parts belonging to 14 more bodies. Night guards at the medical school were allegedly coaxing garbage pickers and street people into the building and then murdering them so the medical students would have fresh bodies to dissect. (And making about $200 per body.)

Michael Mastromarino

In 2005, Michael Mastromarino, CEO of a company called Biomedical Tissue Services, was arrested for stealing body parts, some infected with HIV and cancer, and selling them for tissue replacement. He was charged with running an illegal bone, skin and tissue harvesting scheme in New Jersey and sentenced to prison where he died a fitting death last July  - of bone cancer.

~ Joy

In 2010 (UK) and 2011 (US) a movie about the crimes of William Burke and William Hare, called Burke and Hare, was released by John Landis. Watch the trailer below:

Guardians of the Dead

Throughout history it was believed that a cemetery had an appointed guardian; a soul who was left there to protect the cemetery grounds and the departed, not only from visiting humans, but from evil forces as well. 


Today you can take a stroll through a cemetery and find a few graves and monuments that are being “guarded” by stone sentries. These may take many forms including lions, dogs, eagles, angels and soldiers.

Cemetery and grave guardians are never caught looking down as many other statues are in mourning, but a guardian stands with head erect, watching over those they protect. Here are just a few to look for.

Lions

Lions are a symbol of power and strength. They are usually found in pairs, guarding the entrance of a mausoleum against intruders and evil spirits. They are usually shown with one resting while the other keeps watch over the grave. The lion is a noble animal and symbolizes the courage of the departed.

Sphinx

The sphinx closely resembles the lion. It is composed of the head of a human and the body of a lion. A sphinx represents the strength and bravery of the deceased. These are also found in pairs at the entrance to a tomb, guarding against evil spirits.

Eagles

Eagles can be found guarding Civil War military graves. They are strong birds that represent faith, courage and generosity of spirit. A double eagle is usually found at the grave of a 33^rd Degree Mason.

Dogs

A dog standing watch at a gravesite symbolizes loyalty, fidelity and vigilance. But there are also reports of ghostly black dogs, known as grims, which guard cemeteries. These shadow dogs are seen mainly in southern US cemeteries and graveyards in Europe. The black dog is known as guardian over the entire cemetery and, according to legend, will chase people out of the cemetery if they are there after dark.

Foo Dogs

Foo Dogs are found at the gates of many Chinese cemeteries. These guardians are a combination of a dog and a lion, and usually are mated in pairs. The male and female Foo dogs guard entryways to tombs and mausoleums. The male is usually located on the right with a ball under his foot, and the female is on the left holding down a playful kitten under her paw. They are said to mimic our roles in life and show that these ties continue after death.

Elks

Elk are found at the site of B.P.O.E. community graves (Benevolent Protective Order of Elks). This fraternal organization was popular during the latter half of the 19^th century and first half of the 20^th century.

Angels

Angels intercede for the benefit of humans to God. While many are shown in mourning, some angels are shown carrying a child or leading a person toward heaven. In this role, the angel is acting as a guardian of that soul as it is escorted to heaven.

Hooded Figures

The mysterious, hooded and draped figure can be found sitting or standing in front of the grave it guards. Several versions of this guardian can be found in the U.S., and many have names.

Eternal Silence

Grief

In Chicago’s Graceland Cemetery, it is called Eternal Silence. The “Black Aggie” placed in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland was officially named “The Mystery of the Hereafter and the Peace of God that Passeth Understanding.”  The public called it “Grief.”

Other hooded sentries can be found in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St Louis, and in the rear courtyard of the Dolley Madison House in Washington, D.C.

According to legend, the figures walk the cemetery at night. There are also tales that if you look into the eyes of the hooded figure, you will see your own death.

Soldiers

Most military cemeteries have guardians keeping watch over the soldiers. Usually it is a soldier standing with his gun, gazing out over his band of brothers. Soldiers are especially popular in Civil War cemeteries, both at Union and Confederate graves.

“Other” Guardians

And then there are the “other” cemetery guardians. In Europe, the guardian was considered to be the first person buried in a new cemetery. Unfortunately, it is said that some people were selected to be the guardian and were then buried alive in the cemetery in order to achieve it. The same is true of black dogs – a black dog may have been selected to guard a cemetery and was then buried alive in order to denote it as guardian.

Could this be why people have reported hearing disembodied voices in cemeteries telling them to leave? Possibly it is the cemetery guardian vigilantly making sure no one trespasses upon the graves of those interred there – a guardian spirit who takes “rest in peace” quite literally.

~ Joy