EXPLORING SIX DIFFERENT TYPES OF STONES USED FOR GRAVES

If you’ve spent much time in a cemetery, you know that not all grave markers are the same. Today, we'll take a look at six types of stone you will find in a graveyard.

 

Types of Headstones

1)  Fieldstone (1600s – Present)

Fieldstones were the earliest types of grave markers used from 1600s to the present. Besides being plentiful, these rocks could be carved, chiseled or painted with a name, dates and other information. The main problem was that over the decades, the stones get moved so many might not be where they were originally placed. You will still find fieldstones in cemeteries. They became popular again during the Great Depression when families could not afford markers.

 

2)  Slate (1600s – 1900s)

Slate was very popular, mainly in the eastern U.S. during the 18th to the 20th centuries. One of the reasons is because the stone is easy to carve. Slate can withstand freezing and thawing fairly well, which is why we can still read them. And acid rain appears to have a minimal effect. But due to the stone’s porousness, it is subject to delamination, which means it separates into sheets and falls away.

 

3)  Sandstone (1650s – late 1800s)

Sandstone was another stone that carvers used from the 1650s to the late 1800s. It was easy to decorate and was available around the country. The stone's color may range from red to light tan to brown to grey. The problem with this stone includes spalling and flaking. This is where pieces chip off the stone making the surface uneven, hard to read and encourages  the growth of lichen.

 

4)  Limestone (mid-1700s – 1930s)

Limestone was favored in the Midwest from the mid-1700s to the Great Depression because of its availability and ease of carving. This stone is made up of calcite and calcium carbonate. These small particles are composed of fossils held together by a lime cement.

Although visually appealing, this soft stone is severely affected by weathering, which causes pitting and that slowly wears the details of the stone away. This also causes the letters to dissolve over time. Tree stones were usually crafted from limestone and were a very popular marker in the Midwest.

 

5)  Marble (1780s – 1930s)

Marble has been used for centuries due to its strength and beautiful appearance. In the U.S. marble gravestones were popular from the 1780s through the 1930s. The stone is usually white with blue or grey veins running through it but can also be black with white veins. When you rub your hand over marble, it feels like sandpaper.

But marble began to fall out of favor when weathering made it difficult to read. Acid rain has become the main enemy of this stone causing the surface to become grainy and the lettering on the stone to slowly fade away.

 

6)  Granite (mid-1800s – present)

Granite is the most durable of gravestones, and currently, the most popular. With use mainly from the mid-1800s to the present, these gravestones can be red or grey in color. The red stones contain a small amount of oxidized iron. Granite that ranges from bright red to pink in color usually come from Missouri, and the darker red stones are from Wisconsin. Grey stones are quarried mainly in New Hampshire. Granite lettering is resistant to deterioration, and the stone does not erode. Modern techniques make it easy to carve, and lasers allow etching of personal images to tell your life’s story.

 

And then there's the marker that isn't really a stone but still prevalent in cemeteries across the country: 

Bonus - White Bronze (Zinc) (1880s – 1920s)

“Tombstone Tourists” will be familiar with another type of gravestone made of white bronze or zinc. Although not white, and not made of bronze, these memorials are usually very detailed, always different, and found in very good to excellent condition. White bronze monuments are easy to spot once you start looking for their telltale bluish-grey color.

White bronze monuments offered a less expensive alternative for a custom designed and detailed grave marker.  But there were those who looked down on the white bronze marker as being a cheap imitation of a solid granite stone.  Some cemeteries even banned them, many times due to the urging of local granite and marble monument companies. This is part of the reason they had such a short life, only from the 1880s to the 1920s. 

These monuments weathered well but they did have one flaw – creep. This occurs when the weight of the top of the monument bears down onto the base and it begins to bow or bulge – very slowly, over the years.  The only way to rectify this is to place a stainless-steel armature inside the base of this hollow marker to help support the upper weight.

 

Regardless of what type of stone you decide on, be sure to put a little of your story on the marker with carvings, images or symbols. Leave something for the coming generations to consider and enjoy when they wander the cemeteries.

~ Joy

 

 

 

White Bronze - A Monument for All Time

 

(A short sabbatical is in order - So, for the next few weeks, we'll take a look back at some older posts: This one is from 2011 on those gorgeous White Bronze Monuments.)

White Bronze

A White Bronze Stands Out

Cemetery wanderers throughout the U.S. and Canada can probably remember the first time they came across a white bronze monument.  The oddness of the marker draws you in, fascinates you, and makes you want to learn more.

Although not white, and not made of bronze, these memorials are usually very detailed, always different, and found in very good to excellent condition. 

For a Family Marker

Small White Bronze for Child

White bronze monuments are easy to spot once you start looking for their telltale bluish-grey color.  They come in many different sizes from small name ‘stones,’ to ornate 4-sided monuments, to statues. Even though they are constructed from metal, they are actually hollow! And interestingly enough, the same company manufactured every one of them.

Another Child Stone

Intricate Details

White bronze monuments were most popular during the 1880s to 1900, a time when many people considered granite and marble stones to be too expensive.  Zinc, which is the element that makes up 99% of a white bronze monument, offered a less expensive alternative for a custom designed and detailed grave ‘stone.’  But there were those who looked down on the white bronze marker as being a cheap imitation of a solid granite stone.  Some cemeteries even banned them, probably due to the urging of local granite and marble monument companies.

Bridgeport, CT Plant

Monumental Bronze Company

The technique for constructing these zinc monuments was developed in 1873 by M.A. Richardson of Chautauqua, New York.  Richardson, along with two business partners tried to get a company off the ground but failed.  In 1879, the rights were sold and a new company, the Monumental Bronze Company, was incorporated in Bridgeport, Connecticut. 

Invoice for Monument

Detroit Plant Mark

The original casting of the zinc monuments was done at the Bridgeport headquarters, while subsidiaries - the foundries and assembly plants, were located in Chicago, Des Moines, Detroit, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and St. Thomas, Canada. Each plant could place its name on the base of the monument to show where it had been assembled and shipped from.

Four sided Monument

Simple 2 sided Marker

To create a white bronze marker required several steps.  An artist would begin the process by carving similar designs used on traditional granite and marble headstones into wax forms.  Plaster would be poured into the wax forms and allowed to set, creating a plaster cast.  A second, identical plaster cast would then be made. This would be the cast that the sand molds were made from and cast in zinc.  The zinc castings were then assembled and fused together with molten zinc.  Once assembled and fused, the monuments were sandblasted to create a stone-like finish. And the final step, a secret lacquer would be applied to chemically oxidize the monument, creating the bluish-grey patina – hence the name white bronze. (Much more romantic sounding than zinc.)

Elaborate Monument with Statue

Marker with Name and Days

Monuments ranged in size from a few inches for name ‘stones’ to over 25 feet high with statues.

Fraternal Symbols Available

White Bronze Monument Catalog

Every white bronze marker was made to order. With over 500 monuments to choose from the possibilities were infinite. To begin, a base and monument shape would be chosen.  Then selected panels would be placed onto the monument with special screws. These panels included images of flowers, fraternal symbols, religious designs, and other Victorian motifs.

Catalog Drawing

Custom Epitaph

Panels with the person’s name could be created, or relationship panels saying ‘Mother,’ ‘Father,’ ‘Baby,’ were available.  Epitaphs or religious verses could also be put on a panel.

Ad for White Bronze Soldiers

Confederate Solider at Bardstown, KY

But white bronze markers were not just for individual or family graves.  Towns in over thirty states across the U.S. purchased white bronze Union or Confederate soldiers to place in their veteran’s cemeteries or local parks to honor their war dead.

Monument Creeping

Stress Fractures

Although white bronze monuments weathered well, they have one flaw known as ‘creep.’  This occurs when the weight of the top of the monument bears down onto the base and it begins to bow or bulge – very slowly, over the years.  The only way to rectify this is to place a stainless steel armature inside the base to help support the upper weight.

Catalog Drawing with Price

Sales Agent's Card

Unlike traditional gravestones and markers, there were not any stores where you could go to see or purchase a white bronze monument.  These zinc markers were sold only through company catalogs and in person by sales agents. If you wanted to see a white bronze marker, you would have to go to the cemetery. The sales agent would provide catalogs for the buyer to select the type of monument wanted, what designs were wanted on the panels, and names to be used. Prices ranged from $2 to $5,000.

Monuments without Panels

Custom Name Panel

White bronze monuments were made for only forty years, from 1874 to 1914. With the advent of World War One came their demise.  Zinc was needed for the war effort and the Monumental Bronze Company was taken over by the government to manufacture gun mounts and munitions.  Although the company did continue to exist until 1939, they never produced another monument.  Instead, they tried to maintain the industry by crafting panels for existing monuments.

Monument with Multiple Panels

Six Paneled Monument

The Monumental Bronze Company always claimed that the white bronze monuments were superior to granite and marble gravestones.  And after 100 years, this claim has proven true.   The outstanding quality and durability of the white bronze monument has indeed survived, and become even more popular, right into another century.

~  Joy

Grave Markers Ordered From Catalogs

Hand Carved Stone Marker

Mass Manufactured Stone

 Grave markers are the oldest form of funerary art. They have been used to mark burial locations since Celtic and Roman times.  Gravestones and memorials differ widely depending on where they are located, the status of the person buried there, when they were erected, and if they were hand carved or ordered from a catalog.

Vermont Marble Company

Flint Granite Company

When someone died, the family usually went to the local stone carver to arrange for a grave marker to be made. Those who could afford it might order markers directly from stone quarries and monument companies in other states, possibly New Hampshire or Michigan for the best blue granite, or Vermont for exceptional marble.  By ordering from the source of the stone, customers felt they were getting the best stone available.

Monument with Statue

Family Mausoleum

Affluent residents of the 1800’s through the 1920’s might have their graves marked with a large obelisk monument, a memorial with a statue, or a family mausoleum.  Ornate and elaborate grave markers could tell the story of the deceased, or showcase the family’s wealth.

Abandoned Quarry

Inside a Quarry

Markers were made from several types of stone including, field, slate, limestone, marble, and granite. Some were also created from metals such as zinc (White Bronze) or iron. Marble and granite were the most popular and durable of the stones used.  Stone markers were quarried; hand carved with hammers and chisels, polished and then shipped to the local monument company or cemetery.

Sears Roebuck Catalog

Price Information

In 1902, Sears Roebuck offered a Tombstones and Monuments catalog from which anyone could select a grave marker.  This put a reasonably priced, custom-ordered gravestone within the reach of almost everyone.

 

Workmanship Guarantee

Information on a product

Sears included a statement in the catalog that the stone used and the workmanship were both on par with the more exclusive monument and stone companies, but the prices were less expensive.  However, Sears requested that the stone be paid for in full before being shipped.

Marker for $4.88

In the 1902 catalog, Sears Roebuck prices began at $4.88 for a basic marker (without lettering, embellishments, larger stone orders, or shipping.) Sears also touted that their prices could be up to $150 less than those of a home monument company or stone carver.  The idea of ordering by catalog caught on and many people began planning what they wanted their stones to say and deciding on which one they wanted.

Catalog Tree Stone

Options Available

The Sears Roebuck catalog offered a wide variety of products to choose from. Customers could select Blue Vein Marble from Vermont or White Acme Rutland Italian Marble; granite markers were also quarried in Vermont. Upright stones and those with some small sculptures were available. Even tree stone markers could be ordered, although the more ornate stones with statues, obelisks and mausoleums were not obtainable through the Sears Roebuck catalog.

Montgomery Wards Catalog

Montgomery Wards also offered a catalog of Monuments, Tombstones and Markers.  While Sears requested payment in full before shipping, Montgomery Wards offered an easy payment plan so that “You need not leave the grave of your loved one unmarked just because you haven’t the money to pay the full price of a memorial stone.”

Red Barre Granite Markers

Symbols & Emblems

Montgomery Wards also offered stones carved in Blue Vein Marble from Vermont, along with Red or Gray Barre Vermont granite.  Lettering, symbols, and embalms were an extra charge, as were large stones, and shipping costs.

The Portrait Eternal stone was available in 1929 on which to preserve the “Likeness of Loved Ones” with a photo.

Fencing, Benches and Vases

 In the 1929 catalog, Montgomery Wards also offered iron fencing for the cemetery lot, wrought steel benches, and cemetery flower vases.

Description of Granite

J.E. Harrison & Son

Many stone and/or monument companies followed suit, offering catalogs to showcase what memorials were available and what the prices were.  Most catalogs offered marble and granite stones.

White Bronze marker

Monumental Bronze Company

The Monumental Bronze Company also offered grave markers for sale, but these consisted of their custom line of White Bronze markers.  These grave monuments were cast individually from zinc.  Each monument was made to order, then assembled and shipped from one of the company’s manufacturing plants. Sales of White Bronze monuments were popular from the 1880’s to 1914.

By the 1930’s, catalog sales of grave markers had decreased significantly.  During the Depression and war years, many people could not afford hand carved, or even mass manufactured stones.  The only option for many was to create a home-made grave marker by pouring concrete in a frame, or painting the deceased’s on a rock.

Laser Stencil

By the late 1960’s, stone carvers had become a thing of the past, and mass produced headstones were the norm.  But people no longer ordered them from catalogs.  They now went to the local monument company and selected from what stones were offered there.   

The era of individualist grave monuments; of small family mausoleums, soaring obelisks, and intricate statues was over. Catalog grave markers had heralded in a new age.

~ Joy